Isingeniso
Amabhaktheriya nama-viruses angasabalala. Uma omunye emndenini egula ephethwe isifo esithathelanayo, kudingeka nithathe izinyathelo ezinqala ukunqanda ukuthi isifo singasabalali sithelele amanye amalunga omndeni.
Ukuba nolwazi ngokuthi amabhaktheriya nama-viruses asabalala kanjani kuyinyathelo lokuqala lokunqanda ukudluliseka kwawo.
AmaBhaktheriya imizimba eyigqamuzana elilodwa ebonakala nge-microscope kuphela. AmaBhaktheriya athola ukudla kwawo endaweni akuyo, ezikhathini eziningi leyondawo uwena noma ezinye izinto eziphilayo noma izilwane.
Kukhona amabhaktheriya amahle kukanye nayingozi. Izibonelo zamabhaktheriya amahle yilawa asiza ukugaya ukudla esiswini abuye anqande ukungena kwamabhaktheriya ayingozi.
Amanye amabhaktheriya asetshenziswa ukuthaka imithi yokwelapha nemijovo yokugoma.
Amabhaktheriya ayingozi abanga ukubola kwamazinyo, izifo zezindlebe, nezomphimbo kukanye nokunye ukugula okuthathelanayo.
Ama-Viruses imizinjana emincane kakhulu, mancane ngisho kunamabhaktheriya. Ama-Viruses azalana aphile kuphela uma ephila ngaphathi kwegqamuzana eliphilayo. Noma kuwukuthi aphila isikhathi esincane ngaphandle kwamagqamuzana aphilayo amanye ama‑viruses ayakwazi ukuqhubeka ephila izinsuku eziningana ehlezi ezintweni ezingenakho ukuphila.
Uma umzimba ophilayo ungenwe i-virus, konke okungamanzi emzimbeni wakhe kuba ne-virus. Uma lokhu okungamanzi kuhlezi ezintweni, njengezibambo zezicabha, ompompi, i-virus ihlala iphilile kulezondawo amahora noma amalanga bese idluliseka emzimbeni ophilayo.
I-host kungaba yinoma yimuphi umzimba noma lapho amabhaktheriya kukanye nama-viruses ethola ukudla nokuvikeleka. Umuntu noma isilwane—omangobe, izinja, izinyoni, noma yini ephilayo—ingaba i-host.
Uma i-virus isingene emzimbeni womuntu noma isilwane (i-host), iyazala yande isabalale kalula imgulise. Ama‑viruses abanga izifo ezincane, njengomkhuhlane ojwayelekile, kodwa futhi abanga izifo eziyingozi njengo simungumungwana.
Amabhaktheriya nama-viruses (amagciwane) kunezindlela eziningi asabalala ngazo. Zintathu izindlela ezinkulu adluliseka ngazo:
Ukuthintana ngqo
Ukuthintana ngenye indlela
Emoyeni
Ngokuthintana Ngqo
Ukuthintana ngqo ngempela, kusho, umuntu-no-muntu. Lokhu kumbandakanya ukuxhawulana, ukuxhawulana okusampama phezulu, ukuxhawulana ngesibhakela, ukuqabulana, ukugonana.
Uma umuntu eyi-host yamagciwane, okungamanzi komzimba wakhe kunamagciwane. Uma ethimula noma ekhwehlela, amaconsana amanzi awela ezandleni zakhe.
Uma ethinta ngqo omunye umuntu, njengokuxhawulana, uyakwazi ukudlulisela amagciwane komunye umuntu.
Ukuthintana Ngezinye Izindlela
Ukuthintana ngezinye izindlela kwenzeka uma umuntu esabalalisa amagciwane entweni, bese omunye umuntu eyithinta leyonto, amagciwane bese engena kulowomuntu.
Amagciwane angahlala lapha:
Izibambo zezicabha
Okokubambelela uma ukhuphuka izitebhisi
Phezu kwamatafula
Ompompi
Amafoni
Izikhiye
Ama-Credit cards
Ama-Tablets
Ama-Remote
Ama-Keyboards
AmaPeni
Nakunoma iziphi izinto nezindawo ezithintwa njalo
Ngakho uma i-host ithimula noma ikhwehlela bese ibamba izibambo zezicabha, ishiya amagciwane lapho.
Omunye umuntu uthinta leso sibambo sesicabha abese uyawacosha lawo magciwane.
Uma lowomuntu ezithinta amehlo, ikhala, umlomo nezindlebe ngaphambi kokuba agezisise izandla zakhe, amagciwane aseyamngena njalo.
Enye indlela eyejwayelekile yokuthintana ngezinye izindlela yenzeka uma abantu bebolekisana ngezinto zabo. Amaconsana amanzi asemzimbeni akhona kuyo yonke into ethinta umlomo womuntu.
Ukuthintana ngezinye izindlela kuyenzeka uma abantu bebolekisana ngezitsha, amabhodlela amanzi, iziphuzo, ukudla, nokunye, amagciwane adluliseka kanjalo ukusuka kumuntu aye komunye.
Emoyeni
Amagciwane akwazi ukuhamba emoyeni asuke kumuntu aye komunye.
Isibonelo, amagciwane atheleka emoyeni ngenkathi i-host ikhwehlela noma ithimula. Amaconsana aqhasha uma kukhwehlelwa noma kuthinyulwa akwazi ukuhamba asabalalise amagciwane lapho ewela ezintweni, ezindaweni noma komunye umuntu.
Isikhumba nezinwele zabantu zihlala zivuthuluka. Nazo zinokuba namagciwane akwazi ukuhamba emoyeni angene kwabanye abantu.
Okubalulekile ukuthi ukwazi ukuthi umuntu unokuba yi-host ngaphandle kokukwazi lokho. Isibonelo, umuntu angaba namagciwane emzimbeni wakhe nokho angabi nezimpawu zokugula. Kunokwenzeka, empeleni, ukuthi angaguli nakancane. Kepha omunye umuntu athintana naye angayicosha i-virus imgulise.
Asabalala Kanjani amaBhaktheriya nama‑Viruses
Amagciwane
Amagciwane amabhaktheriya noma amaviruses akwazi ukubanga izifo noma ukugula.
i-Host
Amagciwane aphila ngaphakathi kwamagqmuzana omuntu noma isilwane (i-host).
Ukuphuma
Amagciwane asuka kwi-host ngamehlo, ikhala, umlomo, izindlebe, izilonda ezivulekile, umgudu womchamo, nokunye.
Ukudluliseka
Amagciwane adluliseka ngqo noma ngezinye izindlela noma emoyeni.
Ukudluliseka
Amagciwane adluliseka ngqo noma ngezinye izindlela noma emoyeni.
Ukungena
Amagciwane angena kwi-host entsha ngamehlo, ikhala, umlomo, izilonda ezivulekile, nokunye.
I-Host Entsha
I-host entsha inokuba igule noma ingaguli, kodwa iyakwazi ukudlulisa amagciwane kwabanye.
Ngoba kulula ukuthi amagciwane asuke kumuntu adlulele komunye, kubalulekile ukuzihlukanisa noma ubani ophethwe isifo esithathelanayo ukuvikela
Uma kukhona umuntu emndenini ophethwe isifo esithathelanayo (noma usola ukuthi unaso ngenxa yezimpawu), yenza lokhu okulandelayo ngokushesha:
- Gcina wonke umndeni ekhaya.
- Ungayi emsebenzini noma esikoleni. Sebenzela noma ufundele ekhaya.
- Thinta udokotela wakho ukuze akweluleke. Shaya ucingo kuqala ngaphambi kokuthi uye emtholampilo noma endlini kadokotela noma esibhedlela. Kuyiseluleko esihle ukuthi uhlale ekhaya ukuvimbela ukuthelela abanye, ngaphandle uma uphatheke kakhulu.
- Qaphela: Uma umuntu enezimpawu ezinzima, njengephika, ukushisa komzimba, nokunye, phuthuma uthole usizo lwakadokotela.
- Gcina umuntu ogulayo eyedwa ehlukanisiwe nabanye bomndeni. Qiniseka ukuthi abantu abadala nababuthakathaka baqheliswe kumuntu ogulayo.
- Umuntu ogulayo mangangathintani nezilwane zasekhaya nezinye.
- Uma umuntu ogulayo ephulula umangobe wakhe noma inja, njengesilinganiso nje, unokushiya amagciwane oboyeni besilwanyana okuzothi uma omunye umuntu esiphulula amagciwane adlulele kuye.
- Umuntu ogulayo makahlale kwelakhe yedwa igumbi angahlangani nabanye aze aphole kahle angabi nengozi yokuthelela abanye.
- Thola kudokotela wakho ukuthi sekuphephile na ukuthi abuyele emsebenzini noma axhumane nabanye abantu.
- Qaphela ukuthi ulandele izincomo zokuhlanzeka nokusanithaza ezibhalwe kulencwajana.
Ukuhlanzeka nokuSanithaza
Ukuhlanza nokusanithaza kaningana kuyadingeka uma emndenini kukhona ophethwe isifo esithathelanayo.
Ukuhlanza kusho ukususa izibi ne nkucunkucu ezindaweni. Ukuhlanza kodwa akuwasusi amagciwane.
Ukusanithaza kusho ukusebenzisa amakhemikhali abulala amagciwane ezindaweni nasezintweni. Ukusanithaza akuhlanzi izindawo, kodwa kubululala amagciwane ezindaweni emuva kokuhlanza, kusiza ukwehlisa ingozi yokusabalala kwezifo.
Imikhiqizo Esetshenziswa ukuSanithaza
Uma kukhona ogulayo ozahlukanisile emndenini wakho, khuphula izinga lokuhlanza nokusanithaza, kakhulukazi izindawo ezithintwa njalo, njengamatafula, izibambo zezicabha, amaswishi kagesi, izibambo, amadeski, izindlu zangasese, ompompi nosinki.
- Ukusanithaza phansi naphezu kwamatafula nezinto ezibanjwa ngezandla, sebenzisa isibulala magciwane njenge-hydrogen peroxide. Sebenzisa exutshwe phakathi kuka 3% (ejwayele ukusetshenziswa ekhaya) no 7.9%.
- Esinye isibulala magciwane esisebenza kahle i-alcohol yokuhlanza okungeyona yokuphuzwa. Sebenzisa imikhiqizo ye-alcohol okungenani eno 70% we-alcohol. Ungalingi nakancane usebenzise‑imikhiqizo ene-alcohol engaphezu kuka 90%, ngoba yona ivele yome ngokuphazima kwehlo ingakabulali ama-viruses.
- Ungasebenzisa amanzi axutshwe nebleach ngalendlela 1/12-, inkomishi (4 izipuni ezincane) ze-bleach uhlanganise nelilodwa i-quart lamanzi apholisiwe (20 ml ye‑bleach ixutshwe nelitha yamanzi apholisiwe). Ngaso sonke isikhathi uma uxuba i-bleach, bheka usuku lokuphela kwesikhathi efanelwe ukusetshenziswa ngalo.
- Qaphela: Ungalingi uxube i-bleach namanye amakhemikhali noma ezinye izinto zokuhlanza ngaphandle kwamanzi kuphela.
- Ngaso sonke isikhathi funda futhi ulandele umlayezo obhalwe ngabakhiqizi, kukanye nesikhathi okufanele sithathwe endaweni emuva kokusetshenziswa.
Igumbi Lomuntu Ozihlukanisile
Uma kudingeka ukuthi uxhumane nomuntu ogulayo, ngenxa yokukhula noma ubuthakathaka bakhe:
- Ngaso sonke isikhathi faka isisithelo sobuso kukanye namagilavu ngaphambi kokuba ungene egumbini lomuntu ogulayo.
- Qiniseka ukuthi naye umuntu ogulayo uyasifaka isisithelo sobuso ngaphambi kokuthi ungene egumbini.
- Khumula ulahle isisithelo namagilavu emgqonyeni oneplastiki uma usuphuma egunjini.
- Gezisisa izandla zakho.
Indlu Yokugeza
Umuntu ozahlukanisile kufanele asebenzise enye indlu yokugeza ehlukene nalena esetshenziswa umndeni wonke.
Uma kuwukuthi ayikho enye indlu yokugeza:
- Sanithaza indlu yokugeza yonkana ngaso sonke isikhathi uma isetshenziswa, ulandela imihlahlandlela yokuhlanza nokusanithaza ebhalwe kulencwajana.
- Sebenzisa amagilavu alahlwayo (kungabakuhle ufake isisithelo, uma unaso) uma uhlanza noma usanithaza indlu yokugeza.
- Uma usuqedile, khumula uwalahle amagilavu.
- Gezisisa izandla zakho.
Izitsha Zokudla Nezokusetshenziswa
Umuntu ozihlukanisile umele ukusebenzisa izitsha zokudla nokusebenza ezisetshenziswa kanye zilahlwe.
Uma izitsha zokudla nokusebenza ezilahlwayo zingekho zigeze izitsha uzisanithaze emshinini usebenzise amanzi okuzihlambulala ashisayo okungenani u-150° F (65° C).
Uma umshini wokugeza izitsha ungekho, sanithaza izitsha ngokuphelele ngalendlela elandelayo:
- Sebenzisa amagilavu alahlwayo (nesisithelo sobuso, uma unaso) ukuthatha izitsha esezisetshenzisiwe uzifake kusinki ongenalutho. Ungawakhumuli amagilavu.
- Gezisisa uhlambulule izitsha zokudla, izingilazi nezitsha zokusebenza.
- Khumula ulahle amagilavu. Gezisisa izandla zakho. Faka amanye amasha amagilavu.
- Cwilisa izitsha osuzigezile okungenani imizuzu emibili esithakweni sezipuni ezimbili ezincane ze-bleach egalanini lamanzi apholisiwe (10 ml ye-bleach namanzi apholisiwe 4 amalitha).
- Chitha amanzi uziyeke zomiswe umoya.
- Khumula ulahle amagilavu.
- Gezisisa izandla zakho.
Izibi
- Akube nomgqomo okhethiwe ofakwe iplastiki egumbini lomuntu ogulayo.
- Sebenzisa amagilavu alahlwayo (nesisithelo sobuso, uma unaso) uma ukhipha izibi noma ubamba uyolahla izibi zomuntu ogulayo.
- Faka isikhwama sezibi esiboshwe kahle emgqomeni wangaphandle wezibi nokungcola.
- Khumula ulahle amagilavu.
- Gezisisa izandla zakho.
Indlu Yokuwasha noku‑Ayina
Ngaso sonke isikhathi faka amagilavu okulahlwa (nesisithelo, uma unaso) uma ubamba izimpahla zomuntu ophethwe isifo esithathelanayo.
- Ungazihlanganisi izimpahla zomuntu ogulayo nezawo wonke umuntu ekhaya. Thola isikhwama esilahlwayo noma isikhwama sikabhasikidi ongasiwasha nezimpahla zomuntu ogulayo.
- Isixwayiso: Ungashukuzi izimpahla eziwashwayo ukuze ungasabalalisi amagciwane emoyeni!
- Washa izimpahla ngemiyalelo yokusebenzisa umshini, usebenzise izinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngokuvumelekile. Ukuba phezulu kwezinga lokushisa, kusiza ekubulaleni ama-viruses namabhaktheriya.
- Isixwayiso: Ungawugcwalisi kakhulu umshini ngezimpahla noma amashidi. Yenza kube nendawo eyanele ukuthi amanzi azihlanze kahle kugezeke ukungcola namagciwane.
- Uma usuqedile ukufaka izimpahla zomuntu ogulayo emshinini, khumula ulahle amagilavu.
- Gezisisa izandla zakho.
- Qalisa umshini. Uma amanzi esegijima kahle emshinini, thela ½ kuya kweyodwa inkomishi (120 kuya ku 240 ml) ye-hydrogen peroxide emshinini.
- Isexwayiso: Ungatheli i-hydrogen peroxide phezu kwanoma yini engemhlophe, ngoba izoyiphuphisa umbala.
- Yomisa iwashing kahle ngezinga lokushisa eliphezulu.
- Sanithaza umshini ngendlela eyalelwe abakhi bawo.
- Ngaphambi ngokufaka esinye isikhwama sikabhasikidi wewashing, geza usanithaze ubhasikidi wewashing yomuntu ogulayo ulandela izincomo zokusanithaza ezibhalwe kule ncwajana.
Ngokulandela lemihlahlandlela nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezikulencwajana, ungasiza ukuvimbela ukusabalala kokugula ugcine indawo ohlala kuyo isesimweni sokuphila kahle.
emoyeni: ethuthwa noma ehamba emoyeni.
amabhaktheriya: imizimba emncane kakhulu eyigqamuzana elilodwa okwazi ukuyibona nge-microscope kuphela. Amabhaktheriya akhona yonke indawo, kukanye ngaphakathi nasemzimbeni. Kukhona amanye awusizo, njengalamabhaktheriya asiza ukugaya ukudla esiswini. Amanye anobungozi kakhulu, njengalawa abangela ukubola kwamazinyo nezifo.
i-bleach: ikhemikhali enamandla yokuhlanza ebulala amabhakteriya namagciwane.
okungamanzi emzimbeni: uketshezi oluphuma ngaphakathi emzimbeni, njengamathe, umchamo, izikhwehlela, amafinyela negazi.
siyathathelana: kukwazi ukusuka kumuntu kungene komunye umuntu, kakhulukazi ngokuthintana nasemoyeni.
isibulala magciwane: ikhemikhali eliwuketshezi lokubulala amabhaktheriya namagciwane.
amaconsana: iconsi elincane kakhulu eliphuma uma umuntu ekhwehlela, ethimula, ekhuluma, nokunye, enezinto ezisematheni, emafinyileni, ezikhwehleleni okungenzeka ukuthi lithwele izinto ezibanga izifo, njenga ma‑viruses namabhaktheriya.
ibanga: eziphathelene namazinga noma izilinganiso ekukaleni ukuhlukanisa kuya ngesimo, isikhundla, ukufaneleka, igalelo, nokunye.
i-ethyl alcohol: uhlobo lwe-alcohol eyakhiwe ngezinhlavu ezibilisiwe. Iwuketshezi olungenambala inephunga eligqamile isetshenziswa ngezindlela eziningi, kukanye nokubulala amabhaktheriya nama-viruses.
i-host: umzimba okuthi kuwo kube khona omunye umzimba ophila kuwo.
i-hydrogen peroxide: ikhemikhali esamanzi esetshenziswa ukubulala imizimba emincane kakhulu engabonakali ebanga izifo, futhi iyasetshenziswa ukususa amabala nokwenza mhlophe izinto.
okungenakho ukuphila: okungenazo izimfanelo ezihambisana nezinto eziphilayo, okungenampilo.
ukugula okuthathelanayo: isifo noma ukugula okubangwa i-virus, amabhaktheriya, nokunye.
ubuthakathaka: ukugula okuqeda amandla noma ukukhuthala.
ukuzihlukanisa: ukubeka umuntu ogulayo endaweni ehlukene kunabanye abantu ukuze isifo esimphethe singangeni kwabanye.
ukuzihlukanisa: isenzo noma umphumela wokuhlukanisa umuntu onesifo esithathelanayo angabi nabanye abantu ukuze isifo singasabalali.
usimungumungwana: isifo esithathelana kakhulu, sijwayele ukuphatha izingane, sinezimpawu zokushisa komzimba kanye nomqubuko obovu wamabala amancane asabalala avale umzimba wonke.
isinyathelo esinqala: into eyenziwayo ukuvikela abantu ekuguleni, engozini noma enkingeni engahle ibavelele.
ukusanithaza: isento sokwenza into ihlanzeke ngokwempela ihlanzeke ingabe isaba nemizinjana ebanga izifo.
uketshezi oluthakiwe: okuxutshwe izithako ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, kunokuba okusasigaqa kuncibilikiswe oketshezini.
isifo somphimbo: isifo somphimbo obuhlungu esibangwa uhlobo lwebhaktheriya ebizwa ngokuthi i-streptococcus. Isifo somphimbo sibanga umphimbo obuhlungu, ukushisa komzimba nokuphelelwa amandla.
kungangenwa: ngenzeka ukuthi kube nomthelela obangwa into ethize.
uphawu: umehluko emzimbeni okhomba ukuthi umuntu unokugula.
ukudluliseka: ukusuka kwe-virus, ukugula noma isifo kumuntu siye komunye.
dlulisa: yenza i-virus, ukugula noma isifo singene kubantu noma sisuke kumuntu siye komunye umuntu.
umgudu womchamo: izitho zomzimba ezihlelelwe ukwenza, zibeke futhi zikhiphe umchamo.
i-virus: umthombo wokugula emzimbeni omncane kakhulu kangokuba awubonakali nge-microscope ejwayelekile. Ama-viruses athelela imizimba yabantu ngezifo ezifana nomkhuhlane lo ojwayelekile kukanye nezinye izifo eziyingozi kakhulu impela.
Ungadownloada ushicilele lezimpawu uzisebenzise ekhaya lakho noma ebhizinisini.
Indlela enempumelelo ukuvikela ukusabalala kokugula nokuthelelana isifo ukwenza ukuqhelelana‑ukwandisa ngamabomu isikhala phakathi kwabantu ababili noma abangaphezulu.
Ukwenzela ezempilo nokuphepha kwawo wonke umuntu, gwema ukuthintana nabanye ngalesikhathi njengalokhu.
Ukugeza izandla enye eyeziphusile nezinempumelelo izindlela zokuvikela ukusabalala kwamagciwane.
Isanithaza yezandla isetshenziswa ukwenezelela ukugeza izandla noma kunesimo esimbi lapho insipho namanzi zingatholakali ngaleso sikhathi.